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Side Effects

Side Effects

AOI > Centres of Excellence > Medical Oncology > Side Effects

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    Side effects

    Chemotherapy, although it destroys the cancer cells, it also affects the growth of other rapidly-growing normal cells such as cells in bone marrow i.e., red blood corpuscles (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), cells lining the intestines, etc. and sometimes, even responsible for their decreased counts too. But the extent and severity of these side effects depends on the duration and the dose a patient is receiving. However, good thing is that the side effects subside after the completion of chemotherapy.

    What are the side effects of chemotherapy?

    Chemotherapy side effects and their severity is all variable depending on the duration, regimen, dosage of the chemotherapy as well as patient related factors such as pre-existing health condition, body’s response to different medications, and many such reasons.

    Note: Not necessarily all patients will experience all side effects as it is based on an individual’s body response and many causes. Also, not necessary all chemotherapy regimens will have side effects because there are many newer classes of chemotherapy medications available which have minimal or least side effects like nausea, vomiting or other typical side effects which occur with conventional or the older medications of chemotherapy.

    Conventional chemotherapy may have one or more of the below mentioned side effects.

    The common side effects of conventional chemotherapy are:

    • Fatigue
    • Myalgia or muscle pain
    • Soreness in mouth and throat
    • Diarrhoea
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Constipation
    • Blood disorders – Decreased red blood cells, white blood cells, decreased number of platelets, etc.
    • Anorexia or loss of appetite
    • Hair loss
    • Nervous system effects – Tingling, burning, numbness or weakness in hands, feet, etc.
    • Sexual and reproductive side effects

    Different people receiving same regimen may experience different side effects. At AOI, we are always concerned with our patient’s treatment and post-treatment care. Not only we manage the treatment but also manage and take care of almost every side effect of the treatment (if occurs).

    General measures for managing chemotherapy side effects

    Ensuring a few things helps manage the chemotherapy side effects in a better way with better outcomes while undergoing chemotherapy. Diet and body defence system plays an important role. Some ways to manage your symptoms and side effects of chemotherapy are:

    • Opting for a well-balanced and a healthy diet
    • Enough rest
    • Avoiding/ limiting habits of alcohol, smoking
    • Regular exercise

    Is there any specific diet I should follow during undergoing chemotherapy?

    During cancer and when receiving cancer treatment, your body undergoes many changes and needs enough calories and nutrients to keep strong. Hence maintaining a good and healthy diet before, during, and after cancer treatment is very important.

    You don’t need to make any major changes in your diet except for switching to a healthy and well-balanced diet.

    General recommendations:

    • Include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in your diet.
    • Your diet should comprise of the essential nutrients i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water, vitamins and minerals.
    • Avoid or cut down the quantity of red meat, especially processed meats or those are high in fat, cut down extra sugar, alcohol, and salt.
    • Stay well-hydrated. Water should be an inseparable part of your diet. Take enough liquids during cancer treatment.
    • Try to be physically active as much as you can. Exercise, daily walks, other outdoor activities should be a part of your daily routine.
    • Try to maintain a healthy weight.

    Diet to follow during cancer chemotherapy:

    It is recommended to take light meals on your chemotherapy day. It is advisable to eat small and frequent meals. Do not avoid your meals on these days as you need enough energy irrespective of treatment or non-treatment days. Avoid fatty and spicy foods.

    • What should I eat before chemotherapy?
      • Go for light, non-spicys snacks.
      • Try to take low acid juices such as apple and grape juices, yogurt or curd, bananas, etc.
      • Keep your water bottle handy and keep sipping small amounts of water/juice almost every half hourly or as your body tolerates.
    • What should I eat just after the chemotherapy and next few days?
      • Take small meals and snacks more frequently but less amounts say, 4-5 smaller meals rather than 3 large meals.
      • Eat less oily and less spicy foods.
      • Drink more water and fluids more frequently to prevent dehydration.
      • Other fluids you can try:
        • Apple and grape juice
        • Plain soups
        • Herbal teas – ginger, mint
      • Do not forget to take your anti-nausea or any other medications prescribed by your doctor to take after chemotherapy.

      It is always advised to consult your dietician or doctor for your diet based on your body needs because body needs differ from person to person.

    What are the benefits of good nutrition during cancer treatment?

    Role of good diet during cancer and cancer treatment:

    Nutrition plays an important role during health and disease. During cancer and undergoing its treatment, body’s calorific demands increase and opting a healthy and balanced diet may help you recover fast with less or minimal side effects. It even affects the response of your body for certain foods. Eating well helps your body to fight against cancer as well as other possible infections.

    The benefits or the role of a good diet while undergoing cancer therapy can help you to:

    • Boost-up your energy and strengthens immune system.
    • Store house of body’s nutrients and maintain body weight.
    • Keep the body strong enough to tolerate side effects (treatment-related, if any).
    • Decreased risks against any infections.
    • Helps the body to recover fast.

    What are the side effects of immunotherapy?

    Compared to the conventional cancer therapies, immunotherapy has fewer side effects. Cancer immunotherapy side effects if occur, they are manageable now-a-days due to the availability of advanced treatment options.

    • Infusion reactions: Symptoms can be fever, chills, rashes and/or itching of skin, flushing on face, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, wheezing, etc.
    • Auto-immune reactions: Symptoms can be serious or even life-threatening and involve the lungs, intestines, liver, kidneys, or other organs.
    • Mostly immunotherapy side effects are similar to allergic reactions, but sometimes it could be serious requiring medical attention as well such as inflammation of the gut, lungs, hormonal system problems.

    What are the side effects of targeted cancer therapies?

    The most common side effects with targeted therapies are:

    • Diarrhoea
    • Liver problems – hepatitis and elevated liver enzymes

    Other side effects can be:

    • Skin problems (rashes, dry skin, nail and hair changes)
    • Blood clotting and wound healing issues
    • Rise in blood pressure
    • Swollen, painful sores on your fingernails and toenails
    • Sores on scalp, hair loss
    • Red, swollen eyelids

    What side effects can Hormone Therapy cause?

    Hormone therapy causes side effects usually due to the inactivation or blockage of involved hormone.

    Side effects may be:

    • In females receiving hormone therapy – Hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, weight gain, headache, nausea, hair loss, muscle and joint pain, blood clots and increased risk of uterine/endometrial cancer, increased risk of other types of cancer, stroke, cataracts, and heart disease
    • In men receiving hormone therapy – Hot flashes, tiredness, loss of sex drive, impotence, fatigue, weight gain, memory changes.
    • An increased risk of osteoporosis in both men and women.

    Side effects are variable in every individual depending on the type of hormonal therapy being given and other factors.

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