Hearing the words "testicular cancer" can be alarming, but understanding the symptoms and their causes is a powerful step toward early detection and treatment. Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer, especially when caught early. Being informed about the potential warning signs can make a difference in outcomes and reduce anxiety around the unknown.
Testicular cancer occurs when abnormal, malignant cells develop in one or both testicles. Responsible for producing sperm and testosterone, the testicles are an essential part of the male reproductive system. While the exact cause of testicular cancer remains unknown, certain factors, such as age, family history, and a history of undescended testicles, can increase the risk. Testicular carcinoma is an uncommon form of the disease. Although it can occur at any age, the most common age range for it is 15 to 45. The good news is that testicular cancer boasts high survival rates, especially when detected early. That’s why recognizing the symptoms and taking appropriate action is so important.
The most common and often first sign of testicular cancer is the presence of a lump or swelling in one testicle. These lumps are typically painless, although some may cause slight discomfort.
Cause: Lumps are often caused by abnormal cell growth, leading to the formation of a tumor. Not all lumps are cancerous—some may result from infections, cysts, or injury—but a medical examination is essential to rule out malignancy.
What to Do: If you detect a lump during a self-exam, consult a healthcare provider immediately. Early evaluation can prevent the cancer from progressing.
Many men with testicular cancer report an unusual sensation of heaviness in the scrotum.
Cause: This feeling is often caused by fluid buildup or swelling associated with the tumor. Tumors can disrupt normal fluid drainage, leading to a heavier sensation.
What to Do: Don’t ignore persistent discomfort or heaviness. Even subtle changes in how your body feels can be an early indicator of a problem. Schedule a consultation with a doctor for further examination.
While testicular cancer is often painless in its early stages, some individuals experience pain or discomfort, either in the testicle or the scrotum as a whole.
Cause: Pain may result from inflammation caused by a tumor pressing against sensitive areas or from increased blood flow to the testicle.
What to Do: It’s important to differentiate between temporary discomfort and persistent pain. If the pain lasts for more than a few days, seek medical advice to identify the underlying cause.
A less commonly discussed symptom of testicular cancer is gynecomastia, or breast enlargement and tenderness in men.
Cause: Certain types of testicular cancer produce hormones, such as beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), that can stimulate breast tissue growth. These hormonal changes can cause breast tissue to become tender or visibly larger.
What to Do: If you notice unusual changes in your chest area, including tenderness or enlargement, it’s worth discussing these symptoms with your doctor, as they could point to the presence of a tumor.
Advanced stages of testicular cancer may lead to symptoms that extend beyond the testicles, such as persistent back pain or abdominal discomfort.
Cause: As the cancer progresses, it can spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen or lower back, resulting in pain or discomfort in these areas.
What to Do: While back pain is common and often unrelated to cancer, unusual or persistent pain that's accompanied by other testicular symptoms warrants a closer look from a healthcare professional.
Some men notice that one testicle becomes significantly larger or smaller than the other, or that its shape changes over time.
Cause: The growth of a tumor can alter the size and shape of the affected testicle. Additionally, certain types of cancer may cause the testicle to shrink rather than enlarge.
What to Do: Regular self-examinations can help you detect these changes early. If you observe noticeable differences between the size or shape of your testicles, seek medical advice.
While anyone with testicles can develop testicular cancer, some factors increase risk, including:
Understanding these risk factors can help guide conversations with your doctor about preventive measures or early screening options.
Early detection of testicular cancer can save lives, and self-exams are a powerful tool for monitoring your health. Here’s how to conduct a monthly testicular self-exam:
Perform the exam after a warm shower or bath, as heat helps relax the scrotum, making it easier to detect abnormalities.
Cradle one testicle at a time between your thumb and fingers. Gently roll it to feel for any lumps, swelling, or changes in texture.
It's normal to feel a soft, tube-like structure (the epididymis) behind each testicle. Focus on identifying anything unusual or changing over time.
Make this a regular habit. Detecting even small changes can prompt earlier medical intervention.
If you notice any of the symptoms mentioned, or if something feels off during a self-exam, don’t hesitate to seek medical attention. Urologists and oncologists are well-equipped to evaluate and diagnose testicular issues. If you notice any symptoms that are mentioned above that persist for more than two weeks, consult your physician. These include groin or testicular discomfort, swelling, or lumps.
In its early stages, testicular cancer may not exhibit any symptoms. If you have any of these symptoms, you should consult a physician, particularly if they are uncommon for you or if they persist or become better. Awareness is the first step in the fight against testicular cancer. By knowing the common symptoms and their possible causes, you’re already empowering yourself to prioritize your health. Regular self-exams and early consultations with medical professionals can be lifesaving.
