Oesophageal cancer is a type of malignancy that develops in the esophagus, the muscular tube connecting your throat to your stomach. It typically starts in the tissue lining the esophagus. Often, this form of cancer is divided into two main types based on where it originates in the esophagus:
While advancements in medicine have improved treatment outcomes, early detection remains the key to better survival rates.
Spotting oesophageal cancer early can be tricky because its symptoms are often subtle or appear similar to digestive conditions. Here are the primary signs to watch for:
One of the earliest and most common symptoms, dysphagia makes swallowing food or liquids uncomfortable or painful over time. Patients often feel as though food is "stuck" in their throat or chest.
A noticeable drop in weight without any dietary or activity-level changes may be a signal of an underlying issue such as cancer, including oesophageal cancer.
While occasional heartburn is common, ongoing or worsening acid reflux could indicate irritation or damage to the esophagus, increasing the risk of cancer.
Unexplained pain or pressure in the chest, especially when swallowing, can be a concern that needs medical attention.
A hoarse voice or a cough lasting more than a few weeks without another explanation could be linked to irritation or changes in the esophagus caused by cancer.
Vomiting, especially when it includes small amounts of blood, can be a sign of advanced oesophageal cancer. Feeling full after eating very little may also be noteworthy. If you experience any of these symptoms consistently, consult a healthcare professional for evaluation.
The exact cause of oesophageal cancer is still being studied, but several factors are known to increase your risk. Here's a closer look at these contributors:
Long-term irritation can lead to changes in the cells lining the esophagus. This irritation may result from conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or Barrett’s esophagus, a complication of GERD that increases cancer risk.
Tobacco use is one of the leading risk factors for oesophageal cancer. When combined, tobacco and alcohol increase the risk further, particularly for squamous cell carcinoma.
A diet lacking fruits, vegetables, and essential nutrients may heighten the risk. Conversely, high salt or nitrite-rich food consumption has also been linked to this condition.
Carrying excess weight can contribute to acid reflux and Barrett’s esophagus, both of which are risk factors for oesophageal adenocarcinoma.
Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals, especially in occupational settings, may also pose a risk. It’s important to note that having one or more risk factors doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll develop oesophageal cancer—but being aware can help with early intervention and prevention.
Early diagnosis greatly improves the chances of successful treatment. Here’s how oesophageal cancer is typically diagnosed:
Your doctor will begin by discussing your symptoms, lifestyle, and family history. They may perform a physical examination to check for abnormalities.
An endoscopy is one of the most common procedures for examining the esophagus. A thin tube with a small camera is inserted into the throat, allowing doctors to view the lining of the esophagus and identify any suspicious areas.
If abnormal tissue is found during an endoscopy, a small sample (biopsy) will be taken and examined under a microscope for cancerous cells.
Better imaging techniques help determine the size and extent of the cancer. Common tests include:
If cancer is suspected or confirmed, further testing might be done to analyze the tumor’s genes or proteins. This can help decide the best treatment options. These biomarkers include HER2, microsatellite instability, and PD-L1.
Oesophageal cancer is a serious condition, but early detection and understanding your risk factors can make all the difference. The most prevalent sign of esophageal cancer is difficulty swallowing, particularly a sensation of food lodged in the chest. Some patients also experience food choking. Over time, these sensations get worse, and as the cancer grows, your oesophagus narrows, making swallowing more painful. Until the cancer has progressed, these symptoms might not become apparent. An diagnostic endoscopy is the primary test for esophageal cancer diagnosis. This test examines your stomach, duodenum, and esophageal walls. You should see your doctor if you experience any of the signs of esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer symptoms can be brought on by other, more prevalent illnesses. Knowing what to watch for and taking preventative measures—like avoiding smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, and managing reflux—can help protect you and your loved ones.
