Patients with testicular cancer have elevated human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. If either or both of these markers are increased, it may suggest the presence of non-seminomas. However, if only the HCG levels are raised and AFP levels are in the normal range, the patients may have pure seminomas. In other words, the AFP levels are never increased in pure seminomas.
Some medical conditions that mimic testicular cancer are inguinal hernia, hematoma, hydrocele, lymphoma, tuberculoma, varicocele, and syphilitic gumma.
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